Subliminal Messages Should Not Be Legal - 1201 Words

Subliminal messages By: Edianis Seda Advanced Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara June, 4th 2015 Abstract Subliminal messages are messages that are perceived in the unconscious mind that most of the time we are not aware of. These messages are mainly designed to influence that way we think and feel. They are used to get people to buy products from their company. Subliminal messages can be perceived auditory or visually. Subliminal messages should not be legal and should be banned from being used in advertisement for it can lead to negative results. There should be another way to advertise that. Doesn’t involve manipulating our minds into buying the products. Subliminal messages are messages that are either auditory or visual which is presented below the normal limits of perception. An example of a subliminal messages would be that a message might be inaudible to the conscious mind but may be audible to the unconscious mind, in this case a deeper part of your mind. Subliminal messages may also be in other cases an image that is unperceived but will be perceived deeper in your mind. To put in simpler terms, subliminal messages are basically hypnotism that many companies may use to encourage people to buy the product they re selling. According to the article The Influence of Subliminal Messages, it states that subliminal messages can influence our attitudes and behavior. Also, under certain circumstances of course, subliminal messages may or may not have theShow MoreRelatedSubliminal Messages Essay example2356 Words   |  10 Pagesembedded secret messages into this research paper to manipulate you into giving me an A? If you didn’t consciously perceive â€Å"secret messages† but you did perceive them subconsciously, then they would be called subliminal. The word â€Å"subliminal† literally means â€Å"below the threshold† (Encarta 99). The threshold is the level at which you are aware of stimuli, so if something is below the threshold, or subliminal, you are not consciously aware of it. Therefore, you may be receiving messages and obeying themRead MoreEthical Issues in Marketing3405 Words   |  14 PagesInformation and Communication technologies: As ICTs evolve so do marketing prac tices. If yesterday it was television that revolutionized the way advertisements could create a lasting impact on the consumer, then today the internet and phone text messages are doing just that. 2. The world today is an increasingly global village: Social and ethnic boundaries are fast falling in the wake of cable television and the like. 3. Rapid economic expansions in countries like China and India have meant thatRead MoreThe Suicide Health Prevention Hotline996 Words   |  4 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide is a practice where doctors decide to help end their hopelessly ill patient’s life painlessly even if he or she requests for it (Assisted Suicide). If doctors do follow the patient’s desired death, then are the doctors sending subliminal message saying these patients’ lives are now meaningless. Many believe the doctors treating the patients do not have the right to take lives instead save them, which leads to the religious factor in this situation. The y believe the only way someoneRead MoreGender, Ethnicity, And Social Class945 Words   |  4 Pagesacceptance. Nella Larsen’s novel Passing uses the theme to describe a biracial character blending into the white race through times when legal and social traditions classified the person as Black. When Larsen wrote the novel, racial discrimination existed and so did the discrimination for those who were homosexual. Most readers overlooked the subversive message of the role of sexuality that is written throughout the novel. Larsen shows the homosexual desire both between Irene and Clare and also inRead MoreEssay on Crime Against True Beauty1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthese may not even catch the direct notice of many but the subliminal effect of these pictures and slogans cannot easily be avoided. Still furthering the propaganda of pop-culture, celebrities and models strut their thin and proportionate figures through the minds of young girls to bring the message that they arent g ood enough as they are because these girls do not quite measure up to the physical prowess of a supermodel. This message should of course be found laughable but sadly the all too commonRead MoreThe Consumption Function Of Marketing And Promotions Drive Them For Buying Unnecessary Things?875 Words   |  4 PagesBasic needs: refers to those fundamental requirements that serve as the foundation for survival. Knowing the difference between consumption and consumerism, it is important to understand that our expenses depends on basics needs and priorities. It should not be based on emotions or temporary feelings, the trends or the marketing. Many people usually buy goods to satisfy emotional necessities, because it made them happy†. II. Methodology Based in articles about the consumption and the problemsRead MoreWhy People Buy Unneeded Things Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesBasic needs: refers to those fundamental requirements that serve as the foundation for survival. Knowing the difference between consumption and consumerism, it is important to understand that our expenses depends on basics needs and priorities. It should not be based on emotions or temporary feelings, the trends or the marketing. Many people usually buy goods to satisfy emotional necessities, because it made them happy. As indicated by the article, How consumerism influences the general publicRead MoreEssay on T-205 Exam 1 Study Guide2735 Words   |  11 Pageswithout automaticity We would be overwhelmed with information (d) What are the advantages and disadvantages of automaticity? Advantages ïÆ'   allows us to get through a great deal of decisions with almost no effort Disadvantages ïÆ'   we miss a lot of messages and often make poor exposure decisions (e) When do we consciously process information that is derived from the media? When we know what we are looking for and consciously seek out that information (f) How do advertisers and producers tryRead MoreDesigning An Advertisement Campaign On Beauty Salon1403 Words   |  6 PagesAchievable: Every employee does their job in perfect way and help to achieve the target. †¢ Realistic: advertising purpose and resources are realistic and help to achieve the goal. †¢ Timing – map out a clear, achievable timeframe in which the objectives should be achieved. †¢ What is the promotion/Campaign or advertising? To increase the number of customers of beauty salon we can give advertisements in many different ways. Moreover, Advertising is the deliberate, planned external communication of informationRead MoreAnalysis Of Barbie Doll And We Wear The Mask1147 Words   |  5 Pagesand others are forced to wear to provide an illusion of happiness, and cover up their real emotions from the rest of the world. Dunbar asks the rhetorical question of why the world should know their true emotions and be â€Å"over-wise† in counting their tears and sighs. He answers his own question by saying that they should only let them see them with their masks on. He concludes, by calling onto a higher power, exclaiming that the higher power is the only one that knows their true emotions, but he wants

Analysis of “Prayer” by Carol Ann Duffy - 1755 Words

Analysis of â€Å"Prayer† by Carol Ann DuffyLouise Erdrich Yue Jiang 105034154 The Prayer, written in 1993 by, Carol Ann DuffyLouise Erdrich, has a close relationship with Julia Kristeva’s essay â€Å"Revolution in Poetic Language†. According to psychoanalysis, when people are babies, they are irrational and emotional. All their need is to be cared for. Their needs should be demandedmet, either for food, or caring or other things. A baby considers the person who offers satisfies them this need as â€Å"mother†. In addition, all their language and image of the world in this stage are acquired through the mother. The essay, â€Å"Revolution in Poetic Language†, written by Julia Kristeva, selected in The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism says†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, it lets the minims in, which may mean something that can comfort her and ease her. It is a way of searching for the peace and tranquility of heart. â€Å"So me nights, although we are faithless, the truth enters our heart, that small familiar pain; then a man will stand stock-still, hearing his youth in the distant Latin chanting of a train.† (DuffyErdrich, P2007)6. Truth always hurts people, especially when they are faithless. The third and fourth lines of the second quatrain give such an image of a man, though painful, heartbreaking, seeing his youth far away in the darkness, hearing the chanting, which makes him reflect about himself, find his identity and realise the world. This quatrain reveals the ruthlessness of reality, and how much people are longing for the care-free and warm, comforting babyhood. In the â€Å"Revolution in Poetic Language†, KristevaJulia cited that, â€Å"Freud notes that the most instinctual drive is the death drive. In this way, the term ‘drive’ denotes waves of attack against stases, which are themselves constituted by the repetition of these charges; together, charges and stases lead to no identity (not even that of the ‘body proper’) that could be seen as a result of their functioning.† (Kristeva, P2173)7. In this way, people go to great lengths to defendse themselves and to looking for security and identity. â€Å"Pray for us now. Grade I pianoShow MoreRelatedCarol Ann Duffy Poems Analysis8144 Words   |  33 PagesOriginally Introduction Memories play a significant role in the poetry of Carol Ann Duffy, particularly her recollections of childhood places and events. The poem â€Å"Originally,† published in The Other Country (1990), draws specifically from memories of Duffys familys move from Scotland to England when she and her siblings were very young. The first-born child, Duffy was just old enough to feel a deep sense of personal loss and fear as she traveled farther and farther away from the only place sheRead MoreCarol Ann Duffy2780 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis by theme – Carol Ann Duffy CHILDHOOD Notes from â€Å"Originally† Repeatedly returns to the metaphor of childhood as a â€Å"country† – echoes of L.P. Hartley’s â€Å"The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there. Notion of past being intimately associated with place, and that adulthood is a journey away from it. â€Å"All childhood is an emigration.†/ â€Å"I want our own country†. Fear of being in an alien place as a child reflected in the alienation of adult life. â€Å"I lost a riverRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSouthern Adventist University Scott Campbell, Francis Marion University Elena Capella, University of San Francisco ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi Don Capener, Monmouth University Dan Caprar, University of Iowa David Carmichael, Oklahoma City University Carol Carnevale, SUNY Empire State College Donald W. Caudill, Bluefield College Suzanne Chan, Tulane University Anthony Chelte, Midwestern State University Bongsoon Cho, State University of New York—Buffalo Savannah Clay, Central Piedmont Community College

BP Crisis Communication Free Essays

A crisis was exactly what British Petroleum (referred to as ‘BP throughout the paper) went through in 2010. It was particularly important to communicate the right way taking all considerations into account. We were wondering how the specific crisis went so wrong and if the use of specific communication strategy was beneficial or not. We will write a custom essay sample on BP Crisis Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, the communication strategies used to overcome the crisis can be used by many other companies in the future as guidelines of how to do and, maybe more important, how not to. Also, the intervention from the American government, the pressure from the local community and how the media was used, is extremely important in the BP case. This paper intends to show how BP communicated and reacted throughout the crisis. It will discuss the challenges BP had and it will especially focus on how BP actually reacted to the crisis and how they perhaps should have reacted differently, including the use of communication theories. Finally, the paper will outline the consequences of the crisis on both organization and communication strategy. On April 20, 2010, the Departed Horizon oil-drilling rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in the deaths of 11 rig workers, but public attention quickly shifted from their deaths to the following environmental and economic damages – the incident was described as the worst maritime oil spill accident in history, as the accident released over 18 million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Three months passed before BP substantially stopped the leak, all the while the crisis was evilly covered by all news media in the United States as well as internationally. As a result of this, the BP oil spill case serves an excellent example of analysis of BSP crisis communication. L The total cost of BP to indemnify the clean up of the environment and funds to affected workers has reached almost two billion dollars. 2 2 www. Guardian. Co. UK/business/2012/July/31 /BP-departed-horizon-costs Page 4 of 28 Incorporated in 1909 in England , BP has become one of the world’s largest multinational companies operating in more than 80 countries 4, leading in oil and as industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution, extracting and producing renewable energy. The company provides their customers with energy for heating and lighting, fuel for transportation and energy for retail services and petrochemical products. BP employs approximately 80,000 employees, and sales and other operating revenues add up to $375,517 million in 20116 . Finally BP is also a conglomerate owning several brands such as: ORAL, ARC, Castro, amp and The Wild Bean Cafe ©. Having settled â€Å"BP and the Departed Horizon Crisis† as the case, which this paper ill centre around, the problem statement is as follows: To which extent has BP successfully communicated during the Departed Horizon Crisis? In order to examine the problem statement the paper will attempt to address the following issues: I) Characterize how BP communicated during the crisis. It) Analyses the effects of BSP communicative strategies. Iii) Discuss and evaluate whether or not BP has been successful in dealing with the crisis seen from a communicative perspective. In this paper a broad spectrum of empirical data has been used. However, most of the empirical data has been found through articles in different newspapers – the use f different newspapers and their viewpoints has given us very diversified inputs throughout the paper. But this does not exclude a use of quantitative data which, amongst other things, have been used to illuminate the several attempts of BP to use CARS-strategies, and underline the immense loss of fiscal funds the crisis has caused. The rather specific choices of qualitative data have been used to shed light on the different views of the crisis – and the several statements pointing toward similar conclusions have helped to support the points made and clarify a rather eventful crisis. In addition, the conclusions deducted throughout the paper have been supported by theories worked with in classes and the additional http://www. BP. Com/liveliness/BP_internet/global/Stating/global_assets/ downloads/F/ OFF_2007_2011 _full_book. PDF 4 http://www. BP. Com/liveliness/BP_internet/global/Stating/global_assets/ downloads/l/BP_20-F_2009. PDF 5 http://www. BP. Com/Congregationalists. Do? Category=3contentld=2006926 6 http://www. BP. Com/Congregationalists. Do? Category=3contentld=2006926 page 5 of 28 theories which proved to be necessary or helpful. In the beginning of the work with he case study of BSP crisis response, a pretty sufficient understanding of the crisis as a whole was in place, we assumed, but as the paper progressed and different theories were applied our understanding of BP and the relationship to their stakeholders grew. The quantitative data used also comes from BSP own publications as well as articles from different international online newspapers. Of course, the reader must have in mind that BSP own figures, occasionally, might have been used to strengthen their image and not only inform the reader. When examining and analyzing the Deep Water Horizon oil spill crisis, this paper is et out to delimit the case by answering our initial problem statement. To narrow our focus down to the relevant aspects in the case we have decided to delimit our analysis to the main stakeholders, including: (I) the American government; (it) the local society; and (iii) the media. This has been done not only due to the formal constraints of the paper, but also in order to go into depth with these stakeholders, who we reckon to be, of major importance to this crisis within the given delimitation’s of this paper. In order to answer this paper we find it necessary to make a common definition of a crisis. Extensive studies have been carried out on crisis communications over the past two decades. A brief review of literature on this subject reveals that there are several definitions of organizational crisis, depending on theorists’ different viewpoints on what constitutes a crisis. Herman claimed that to reach the level of a crisis, the event must contain three negative attributes: surprise, threat, and short response time. Surprise means that the organization did not prepare for the magnitude of the crisis. Threat means that the event poses a threat to the organization’s financial security, customers, surrounding environment etc. Short response time refers to the urgent need of preventive action in order to stop an intensification of the crisis. 7 For the purpose of this paper the following deduction of a definition off crisis is found useful: Hermann, C. F. , 1963. Some consequences of crisis which limit the viability of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 8, p. 61-82. Page 6 of 28 W. Timothy Combs utilizes the interconnectivity of these three attributes to make his definition of a crisis: â€Å"A crisis can be defined as an event that is an unpredictable, major threat that can have a negative effect on the organization, industry, or takeovers if handled improperly. â€Å"8 Furthermore, according to the very same book, organizations frequently find themselves in situations that can be identified as crisis. There are no exceptions; â€Å"We must accept that no organization is immune from a crisis anywhere in the world even if that organization is vigilant and actively seeks to prevent crises. † (Combs Holiday, 2010: p. 7). This reality urges the need for preparation and readiness to respond – what is called crisis management. The major difference between handling an issue and an actual crisis is that an issue turns into crisis when it goes from the company domain into the public domain; a situation, which sometimes is inevitable no matter how compe tent the management is. 9 10 The term ‘a crisis within a crisis’, or a so-called ‘double-crisis’, as coined by Danish professors Finn Freedmen and Winning Johannes, refers to a situation where a company experiences a communication crisis that overshadows the initial crisis. 1 A crisis within a crisis naturally has negative implications for a company since it emphasizes weaknesses in the company’s internal structure and/or interactions with stakeholders. The term is relevant to apply to this particular case because its give an accurate description of the consequences of BSP communicative strategy. The agenda setting theory distinguishes between two levels of agenda setting in the media. The first level deals with the significance of an organization where an organization receives more media attention then other related organizations. The second level relates to associations or topics that the public associates with a particular organization. 12 One of the important aspects when dealing with the media is the agenda, which stakeholders often associate to organizations. The agenda setting theory is related to this assumption and therefore is significant to apply when analyzing BSP media relations. Combs, T. W. Holiday, S. J. 2010. The Handbook of Crisis Communications. Wiley- Blackwell, p. 18. Benches, Claus. Guest Lecturer, Global Media Relations Manager at Damon. Gave a lecture on crisis communication on Tuesday the 20th of November. 10 Benches, Claus. Guest Lecturer, Global Media Relations Manager at Damon. Gave a lecture on crisis communication on Tuesday the 20th of November. From his PDF on Crisis Communication. 11 http://pure. AU. Dc/portal-cab-student/files/10106/ Crisis_communication_-_Not_Just_peanuts. PDF 12 Cornelius, Jeep. 2011. Corporate Communication – A Guide to Theory and Practice. Page 146. 9 page 7 of 28 An important element for an organization, according to protect its own reputation, is the communication with stakeholders. As a company might have many different stakeholders it is important to have a tool to categories them. Once the stakeholders are categorized the organization will be able to decide, how and how much it should communicate with this stakeholder. In general when describing stakeholders this paper is using Edward Freeman’s definition of a stakeholder: A stakeholder is any group or individual who can affect or is affected but the achievement of the organization’s purpose and objectives†. 3 In order to categories stakeholders this assignment will use the ‘Stakeholder salience model’. The superiority of this model is that while being extremely simple to use it is also extremely precise when in its finding of how much effort the organization should use when communicating with each category of stakeholder, and even more important; how the company should communicate with its various stakeholders. The model is based on â€Å"salience†, defined as the visibility of the stakeholder to the organization using three parameters; (a) the power of the stakeholder group, (b) the legitimacy of the claim laid upon the organization, and (c) the urgency of how important the claim is according to the need of an immediate action. The purpose of the model is to define how salient a stakeholder group is. The model is based on seven different types of stakeholder groups; (1) Dormant stakeholders are the ones with dominant power and the ability to affect other groups of stakeholders. They are not able to legitimate their claims, and power will only be dormant but have an influence anyway. Mostly, this would be wealthy stakeholders. (2) Discretionary stakeholders are stakeholders with a high degree of legitimacy but without the necessary power to influence the organization. (3) Demand stakeholders are the ones with urgent claims but without power and the necessary legitimacy to enforce them. (4) Dominant stakeholders are the group of stakeholders representing both legitimacy and power. These are stakeholders having great influence on the organization, e. G. Owners and big investors. (5) Dangerous stakeholders are people with both urgent and claims on power. In addition, these will often attempt to use unfair† means. (6) Dependent stakeholders are those who rely on others to get their claims carried out – mostly because of the lack of power. Finally, (7) Definitive stakeholders can be identified as the ones having both legitimacy and urgency as well as power. These are the most powerful stakeholders and it is strictly Cornelius, Jeep. 011. Corporate Communication – A Guide to Theory and Practice. Page 42. Page 8 of 28 necessary for the organization to keep close communication with these. Normally, it would be definitive stakeholders who can also be classified as the shareholders. Once the stakeholders are categorized, the firm can now decide on strategy of communication. When researching strategies of communication, this paper has used the basic framework of communicative strategy given to us in â€Å"Corporate Communication – A Guide to Theory and Practice†14 . The framework generally provides three different strategies. This framework is chosen because of its simplicity when it comes to numbers of strategies and complexity when it comes to ways of communicating within each strategy, hence the framework provide an extremely useful tool when analyzing and discussing what mind of communication BP has conducted, how it worked, why the strategy did not work and why it might have worked better: Informal strategy is a strategy of simple informing about something through; newsletters, press releases etc. This strategy is hence based on the idea that objective information about the organization should be passed on to the relevant stakeholders. Persuasive strategy uses tools such as advertising and meetings/discussions with stakeholders. The general aim of this strategy is to change the stakeholders’ image into a more favorable one or to create particular understanding with the organization’s decisions. The strategy will not create change in the organization, but rather aims to create change in the stakeholders’ perception of the organization and its decisions. Dialogue strategy aims to create a mutual understanding and/or mutual decisions between stakeholders and the organization. Timothy Combs divides a crisis into four different types with two different aspects. The four types are; faux pas, terrorism, accidents and transgressions. In addition, a crisis in this matrix can be of either internal or external, and intentional or unintentional characteristics. 1 5 How to cite BP Crisis Communication, Papers

Nestle Australia Used To Own Peter Ice Cream-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Nestle Australia Used To Own Peter Ice Cream? Answer: Introducation: Go to Nestle's Australian web site (www.nestle.com.au). Review its latest news and the Peter's brand page to identify recent new-product launches or promotional campaigns. Which segments of the market are these products/campaigns aimed at? Do you think they will be successful? Why or why not? Nestle Australia used to own Peters ice cream from mid 1990s to 2012. In 2012, Nestle announced to sell its brand of Peters ice cream to fund advised by Pacific Equity Partners. The sold amount was not disclosed by Nestle. Along with Peters ice cream, there were some of well-known sub brands that were also acquired such as original, light creamy, billabong, Frostly fruits and Monaco Bar. But in 2014, Peters ice cream was sold to RR ice cream a UK based firm. In 2016, Peter has now launches a new range of ice creams inspired by the Nestles confectionery brands. This ice cream range from Coles and Woolworth which consists of: Milo: flavored ice cream with choc pieces throughout Fantales: Caramel flavored ice cream with chocolate sauce and chewy caramels mixed in Smarties: Chocolate and Vanilla ice cream with mini smarties chocolates Peppermint Crisp: Peppermint flavored ice cream with chocolate sauce and crispy peppermint pieces. Fruit Tingles:Tutti frutti flavored ice cream with fruit tingle lollies. Even though Peters was sold by Nestle, they continued to work together and utilizing the power of both the brands together. The collaboration between these two brands has maximized the sales throughout the year. According to the two brands, ice cream and chocolates are counter-seasonal, ice cream is one of the highest sellers in summer and chocolate is highest seller in winter. Due to this the collaboration maintains their presence throughout the seasons. In recent year, Peters have collaborated with several other companies to create ice creams. Peters and Nestle are also working together to create a new product i.e. Milo Scoop Shake which should be sold in stores, milk bars, canteens and petrol stations. Nestle tries to keep all their target audience engage with the activities to promote the new launches and ensuring the increase in sales of product. Apart from Nestle, Peter has also collaborated with Arnotts to launch a new line of ice creams. The ice cream launches a range of Arnotts classic biscuits which includes Wagon Wheels, Mint Slice, Iced Vovo and Caramel Crowns. The major challenge is that the flavors of both the brands should be true to each other. The entire aim of this collaboration of these brands was to bring back childhood memories of eating Arnotts biscuit. Peters ice cream has collaborated with several other food brands to uplift their products among their target audience. These collaboration help both Peters as well as the firm to reach out to more and more audience through their new products and line of new flavored ice creams (Chan, 2012). It appears that Peters strategy would be successful as they have shown intelligence to launch the products that just fit together and complement each other. The good thing for Peters and Nestle is that the products under the category of Ice Cream and chocolates do not compete. Another possible success point is that the target audience of youth and millennials are less price sensitive and this is the reason that brand can actually charge a premium pricing. Discuss how worldwide demographic trends are affecting opportunities for international marketing and which industries are set to benefits from the ageing baby boomers. Business change the way in international market to remain profitable. There are certain trends in international business that should take advantage of changing environment to create a niche for the firm. One of trend that affects the international market is demographic shifts. There will always be shift in population in the industrialized world which is aging while several other developing countries still have youth population. The future of the countrys economy should be determined by the evolving demographic. The population growth in the developing nation is the source of rising domestic demand. Demographic factors such as size of population, population growth, rates, age, composition, family size, income levels are one of the significant implications of business (Neirotti, De Marco, Cagliano, Mangano Scorrano, 2014). Companies do not prefer to invest in the countries with less population. There might be huge chance of opportunities for some companies. However, countries with large population and with the advanced technologies can be one of the major causes to attract the market. The international trade and foreign investment usually take place between the nations. Due to the larger potential in these markets, the competitions are stronger in developed countries (Brush, 2012.). The countries with higher income level may also create problem for the investment from international traders. The decline in birth rate and consequent fall in the size of baby population, the market for baby products also gets shrunk. Due to these reasons, the companies have started to pay more attention to international business. With the decline in birth rate, there are several other industries starts to come into play. For Example, industries such as hotel, airline and restaurants, these industries have benefited for the childless couple to spend more time along with each other have spent their incomes for travel and eat out. In developing countries, the birth rate may have declined but the population growth rate is still high. With the steady increase in income rate marks the faster growth in the market. Population explosion will be one of the problems of developing countries that indicate the huge scope for several other industries. High population growth rate also has huge increment in labor supply. Cheap labor attract large amount of multinational companies to invest in those developing countries. Several companies have already relocated their product facilities entirely or partially to these developing countries to reduce their production cost and labor cost. For example, Automobile manufactures of US, Korea and Japan are setting up their manufacturing units in developing countries for exporting as well as for the local market (Bonoli, 2017). It is expected that the forces of Internet would continue to shape the e-commerce industry and a point would come when the international borders would not matter much. The key thing for international marketers is to ensure that a cultural fitment is achieved when the organizations are launching their products in new market. The cultural fit would ensure that the product is successfully placed in the new market Reference Chan, A.M., 2012. Patriotic marketing: an Australian case example. InProceedings of 5th Global Business and Social Sciences Research Conference: 25-26 June 2012, Radisson Blu Hotel, Beijing, China. Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A.C., Mangano, G. and Scorrano, F., 2014. Current trends in Smart City initiatives: Some stylised facts.Cities,38, pp.25-36. Brush, C., 2012.International entrepreneurship: The effect of firm age on motives for internationalization(Vol. 5). Routledge. Bonoli, G., 2017.Labour market and social protection reforms in international perspective: parallel or converging tracks?. Taylor Francis.

Industrial pollution Essay Example

Industrial pollution Paper Industrialization has been the hallmark of human progress. However, industries have become to the biggest issue of environmental pollution. Industrial pollution is pollution that can be directly linked with industry, in contrast to other pollution sources. This form of pollution is one of the leading causes of pollution worldwide. Industries release a host of toxic gases into the atmosphere, and gallons of liquid waste into the seas and rivers. Some of the effluents percolate down and reach the ground water and pollute it to the extent, that people can’t use it for drinking or cooking. Besides adding to air pollution, the innumerable vehicles running on the roads add to noise pollution that has led to an increase in stress, anxiety and problems related to hearing. First, let’s talk about the origin of industrial pollution. â€Å"Since human beings started burning wood to Stay warm, they have been releasing pollution into the environment. Not until the 1 8th century, th ough, when the Industrial revolution began, did humans begin to have a significant effect on Earth’s environment† (Frederick). According to Frederick, the steam-powered factories needed an endless supply of burning wood to UN. Therefore, coal and oil became the predominant source of energy as industry spread across the world. However, the negative byproducts of burning coal and oil became obvious and fearful. The forms of pollution involved radioactive waste, greenhouse gases, heavy metals and medical waste. One of the most harmful forms of industrial pollution is carbon dioxide gas released through the burning of coal and oil. Its increasing presence in the Earth’s atmosphere is a direct cause of global warming. Today, many developed nations realize the huge harm to environment and unman beings by release of excessive carbon dioxide. They find many ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, such as, using filters on smoke stacks to help limit pollution by catch ing harmful substances and cleaning fumes before they reach the air; and by burning natural gas instead of oil and coal. However, despite the efforts of developed countries, the lax industrial regulations of developing countries such as China and India have led to a continued increase in emissions. Frederick warned that Possibly disastrous ecological consequences may occur within the next 100 years if carbon oxide levels are not curbed. Urban industrial smog is another form of air pollution. The industrial furnaces, refineries, smelters, chemical plants and paper mills are the major contributors to smog. The large quantity of smog is emitted to the atmosphere from the smokestacks with inadequate pollution controls. Another harmful form of industrial pollution is water pollution, caused by dumping of industrial waste into waterways, or improper containment Of waste, which causes leakage into groundwater and waterways. Industrial activities are a significant and growing cause of poor water quality. Industrial work involves the use of many different chemicals that can run-off into water and pollute it. Metals and solvents from industrial work can pollute rivers and lakes. The result is poisoned aquatic life. Subsequently, birds, humans and other animals may be poisoned if they eat infected fish. According to Frederick, one of the most infamous examples is Inanimate disease, a neurological disorder that occurred when residents of Inanimate, Japan, ate fish containing large amounts of mercury obtained from a nearby chemical factory. Since the 1 sass, more than 1 , 700 individuals have died as a direct result of mercury poisoning. In addition, the innumerable vehicles running on the roads not only emit a host of waste gas, but also cause noise pollution. This form of pollution has not received as much attention as other types of pollution, such as air pollution, or water pollution. However, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of millions of people. â€Å"St udies have shown that there are direct links between noise and health. Problems related to noise include stress related illnesses, high blood pressure, speech interference; hearing loss, sleep disruption, and lost radioactivity. Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NAIL) is the most common and often discussed health effect, but research has shown that exposure to constant or high levels of noise can cause countless adverse health affects† (Noise Pollution). From the above it is easy to find, human activities have brought great damage and pollution to the environment. At the same time, human beings have also suffered punishment by the injured environment. Humans should be held responsible for those problems Industrial pollution hurts the environment in a range of ways, and it has a negative impact on unman lives and health. Pollutants can kill animals and plants, imbalance ecosystems, degrade air quality radically, damage buildings, and generally degrade quality of life. Factory workers in areas with uncontrolled industrial pollution are especially vulnerable. â€Å"Respiratory diseases in human beings are another price that we are paying for polluting the environment. Acid rains can kill trees, destroy crops and fish life in lakes and streams. Ingestion or inhalation of toxic substances increases the chances of having life-threatening diseases like cancel Industrial Pollution Essay Example Industrial Pollution Paper Introduction. Pollution may be defined as any direct or indirect alteration Of the physical, thermal, biological or radioactive properties of the environment that creates an actual or potential hazard to the health safety or welfare of any living species. Also pollution may said to be any inserting of any foreign matter in the wrong place and in quantities that are too large which eventually cause harm human and other living organism. Waste from people and animals pollute water. Air becomes polluted from smoke, dust and automobile exhaust gases. Pollution can therefore be simply put or viewed as any interference that prevents the beneficial use Of air, water, plants and animals. Industrial pollution of the environment may be divided into the following:- Water pollution Soil pollution Air pollution Noise pollution In about two and half years ago, thousands of fish were dying in Lake Minivans a world renowned rift valley lake famous for diversity Of birds. The lake although protected by the government for global importance, concerns eave been raised about the impacts of developments around the lake which had gone UN-heeded for years. Witnesses on the ground and the Member of Parliament in the area claimed that the flower companies extracted water from the lake and at the same time dumped the pesticides laden wastes into the lake. This leads us to water pollution by the flower companies. In the right place and in the right quantity, a given substance may be beneficial. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pesticides and fertilizers are beneficial in the farmers field but not in lake where they will promote the growth of algae which reduce the commercial, mommies and aesthetic value of the water. The growth of flower firms around Lake Minivans leads to increased demand for clean water and at the same time, the very same firms dissipate waste water and individual waste into the drainage system which is polluted by lead, mercury, acids, ammonia and oil. As a result if there is any sewerage treatment or refuse disposal facilities are quickly outdone. Over centuries the water masses in the world have been regarded as suitable dumping sites for all sorts of waste. Flower export growth has lead to need for increased production and this result to heavier application of pesticides, herbicides and nitrate fertilizers. This means more pollutants find their way into Streams, rivers, lakes, Sea and even underground water and this becomes a real hazard to the users and the living organism like fish and others living in the waters. Soil Pollution. Pesticides often kill a higher proportion of the non target population other than the pests. Because some synthetic pesticides have a toxic effect on so many other non target organisms they are at times labeled Biocides. The effects of pollutants on soil are difficult to evaluate because the soil itself re extra ordinary complex ecosystems. There are numerous and varied micro-organisms in the soil and yet only several million in each acre e. G. Mites, arthropods, bacteria and the micro flora are essential for the soil fertility as they play various roles in the ecology of the soil. Micro-organisms are responsible for the conversion of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur into useful nutrients for the plants. Most of the complex physical and chemical processes responsible for soil fertility are dependent upon the soil organisms. Soil treated with deadly and persistent poisons are cause of great concern. Constant use of pesticides is certainly reducing fertility and these pesticides find their way to the rivers and lakes which cause harm to water organism as may be the case Of Lake Minivans. The growth of firms as also led to solid waste which is any worthless, unwanted or discarded material either liquid or gas. It includes expired drugs and chemicals, crop residues, bottles, plastics e. T. C. Throwing away resource rich solid waste often amounts to squandering the earths finite resources as well as being a massive waste of energy and considerable economic loss. Solid waste has become an aesthetic disaster whether is piled up to disintegrate or burnt to dispose of it the air becomes unpleasantly polluted. Water percolating through burnt solid waste soon becomes polluted and provides breeding grounds for disease bearing organisms such flies, rats and cockroaches. Many governments are not interested in whatever happens to the domestic business and industrial waste as long as it is disposed of in a place where they will neither see it nor smell it. In urban waste dump sites are generally poorly managed. Local authorities collect the waste and transport hem in trucks to be dumped somewhere. The liquid waste dumped in the dumping site find their way to underground water resources and eventually to rivers and lakes as the case for Lake Minivans. Uncontrolled dumping of toxic waste I. E. Outdated or expired medicine is very common and often the Wastes often carry infectious diseases which are easily transmitted by human beings and animals scavenging on the dump site. Burning waste heaps and rotting litter often produces unpleasant smoke and smell. The public health situation caused by domestic liquid and solid waste in urban centers is a ajar concern to their inhabitants. However governments are making an effort to address this challenge. Air Pollution Chemicals such as carbon monoxide from motor vehicle and other gases from machinery in firms or industries and factories including sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide and hydro carbonates are continuously discharge into the atmosphere. Pulp and paper mills, iron and chemical plants also add toxic substances to the air. The situations are made even more worse by fuel and thrash burning. Cities in developing countries soon fall into this predicament. For instance Minivans and its environment sometime very cold, is said to be becoming much warmer. Human beings face the hazards of fumes coming from the vehicles, especially in urban areas with heavy traffic. The exhaust fumes from the diesel burning vehicles contain carbon oxides Of nitrogen. Also these kinds Of vehicles produce black smoke if the engine is poorly managed. Petrol engine produce a mixture of hydrocarbons, including carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen and lead. Where air is stagnant, exhaust gases from vehicles and generators will accumulate leading to eye irritation, plant damage and even totalities. The deposit of pollutants to the atmosphere leads to acid rain. This is when water interacts with sulfur and nitrous oxide and sulfuric acid and nitric acid are formed falls with rain forming the acid rain. Acid rain as a major effect to the soil and also the aquatic life as the case may be in the Lake Minivans scenario. The acid rain may cause death of the fish and also some of the aquatic plants. Noise Pollution. Some modern technologies are excessively noisy. Vehicles, generators and aircraft produce noise that id detrimental to mans hearing. The machines are seed in the farming firms in order to increase the production but have the noise that may cause serious effects on the workers who are operating the machines in case they dont have the protective gadgets as the case for Lake Minivans where the workers were protesting so as to be equipped with protective gadgets. Industrial pollution Essay Example Industrial pollution Paper Bangladesh is an upcoming middle earning country. It has a large number of population. The working environment is good and the labor cost is less so there is an opportunity to establish industry in this country. There are many sector of industry in Bangladesh. The people of our country are very hard working. By the late asses, about 1. 5 million people, mostly women, were employed in the garments sector as During 2001-2002, export earnings from ready-made garments reached $3,125 million, representing 52 well as Leather products specially Footwear (Shoe manufacturing unit). F Bangladesh total exports. Bangladesh has overtaken India in apparel exports in 2009, its exports stood at 2. 66 billion US dollar, ahead of Indians 2. 27 billion US dollar. Other industries which have shown very strong growth include the chemical industry, steel industry, mining industry and the paper and pulp industry. Now a days Bangladesh is want to achieve middle class country position. So the country is goin g to be an industrial country. And the industry who is responsible for the pollution. Most of the industries are not follow the rules of the law. 1. 2 Origin of the report: To know the current situation of the industrial pollution. To know what are the reason behind this. Why the industry through their waste in to the open field? To understand the problem of the pollution. .3 Objective of the report: To know the current situation of pollution problem. To understand the thinking of the people. To solve the problem. To work with the problem. 1. 4 Methodology: Primary data: field survey, Questionnaire. Secondary data: Web site, News paper. 1. 5 Scope of this report: In this report we want to show the over view of the total pollution Of the industry in Bangladesh. There are many industries in Bangladesh. But we will cover some of the industries in Bangladesh such as: Textile industry, Chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Builders industry, Tannery industry,Food industry, Steel industry, Shipping industry, Electronics industry, F-fabrics Industry, Plastic Industry, paper jut Industry, Referring ( Oil, Gas) Industry, Beverages Industry, Recycling Industry, Others. 1. 6 Limitation of the report: Limitation means something that limits a quality or achievement of any analysis. All research designs can be discussed in terms of their relative strengths and limitations. The merits of a particular design are inherently related to the rationale for selecting it as the most appropriate plan for addressing the research problem. One strength of an Selecting and starting to prepare this report it is not an easy process to complete this. To complete this report we face many problems. Those are as follows I. Information Collection 1) Limited source of information 2) Limited information about the industry pollution in web sites on Bangladesh perspective. 3) Peoples are not aware about the problems by industrial pollution. 4) Business persons try to skip the questions answers. Ii. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Overall limitation of this report 1) Limited time to prepare this report. 2) Limited information source. 3) Limited ways to analysis the quality control with founded information. 4) Limited direction from course instructor to prepare this report. Chapter 2 2. 1 Bangladesh Industries: A short list of Bangladesh Industry: Name of industry Textile Industry paper Jute Industry Chemical Industry Food Industry Referring Industry Pharmaceutical Industry Steel Industry Beverage Industry Cigarette Industry Shipping Industry Recycling Industry Builders Industry Electronics Industry Fertilizer Industry Fabrics Industry Plastic Industry Other Industry 2. 2 Pollution in Bangladesh: Water pollution: Tannery Industry The water pollution situation from Bangladesh could be the largest poisoning in history and the irony is that this situation could be the result of all the efforts in cleaning the water for some of the poorest nations of the world. A British study, shows that about 80 million people from Bangladesh, South Asia, are exposed to a high level of toxicity from the water contaminated with arsenic. An international team of researchers from Chicago, New York and Bangladesh has been monitoring, in the last decade, the water intake of arsenic contaminated wells and the impact of 1 2,000 people. The conclusions showed that the death of five people was directly linked to the elevated levels of arsenic in the bodies of the victims of the Bangladesh water. The result is not just a novelty, it is a problem known for some years now and, over time, and residents were advised to dig deeper wells to avoid the potentially contaminated surface water consumption. Now, even the deep waters appear to be problematic. The Bangladesh people suffer most in pure drinking water by arsenic. But the people of Bangladesh also suffer by the industry pollution. The river water is not safe for the people. The industry is not use waste management system. So in future if the industry is not following the rules the waste management, the water will not look like water. Air Pollution: Air pollution contamination of the atmosphere caused by the discharge, accidental or deliberates of a wide range of toxic substances. Often the amount of the released substance is relatively high in a certain locality, so the harmful effects are more noticeable. The major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes and he burning of solid waste. A new source of air pollution is an increasing hole in the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica, coupled with growing evidence of global ozone depletion. Air pollution has also long been known to have an adverse effect on human beings, plants, livestock and aquatic ecosystem through acid rain. Recently as in other parts of the world air pollution has received priority among environmental issues in Asia. This problem is acute in dacha, the capital of Bangladesh and also the hub of commercial activity. The other urban areas like Chitchatting, Chula and BOGART have much lesser health problem related to air pollution. In urban areas sometimes the houses are built on rocks and soils, which radiate radioactive gas from their basement. If this gas is inhaled for a long time it may cause lung cancer. In the rural areas of Bangladesh, the air pollution problems have not yet become a point of concern. This is due to fewer motorized vehicles and industries there. Thus, it is likely that in those areas the principal air contaminants are particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (Voss). Basically, there are two major sources of air pollution in Bangladesh industrial emissions and vehicular emissions. The industrial sources include brick kilns, fertilizer factories, sugar, paper, jute and textile mills, spinning mills, tanneries, garment, bread and biscuit factories, chemical and pharmaceutical industries, cement production and processing factories, metal workshops, and wooden dust from saw mills and dusts from ploughed land, and salt particles from ocean waves near the offshore islands and coastal lands. Noise Pollution: Man-made noise harmful to health or welfare. Transportation vehicles are the worst offenders, with aircraft, railroad stock, trucks, buses, automobiles, ND motorcycles all producing excessive noise. Noise intensity is measured in decibel (db) units. Subject to 45 db of noise, the average person cannot sleep. At 120 db the ear registers pain; hearing damage begins at a much lower level, about 85 db. In Bangladesh noise pollution (also termed as sound pollution) is a major health hazard. In fact, due to noise pollution millions of people in Bangladesh are exposed to a number of health risks from deafness to heart attack. On city streets noise pollution can be caused by hydraulic horns of vehicles, microphones and cassette players. The hydraulic urns used by buses, trucks and scooters in the crowded city streets are dangerous for human being. This is also how noise pollution in Dacha City is affecting the hearing power of thousands of children every day. The horns especially cause serious damage to children. Experts say, if a child below three years of age hears a horn emitting 1 00 db of noise from a close range, he or she might lose his or her hearing power. A childs health may also be adversely affected by loud sounds from the radio, television, cassette players and microphones, the sound of mills and factories and loud noise. The unit of sound frequency is hertz. Human beings usually hear 15 to 20 kilohertz (KHz) frequency sound. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), generally 60 db sound can make a man deaf temporarily and 100 db sound can cause complete deafness. But the noise of any busy street in Dacha has been estimated at 60 to 80 db, with the sound of vehicles being 95 db, loud speakers 90 to 100 db, mills and factories 80 to 90 db, restaurants and cinema halls 75 to 90 db, festivals 85 to 90 db, scooter or motorbike 87 to 92 db and trucks and buses 92 to 94 db. But the desired sound measure is 25 db n the bedroom, 40 db in the dining or drawing room, 35-40 db in the office, 30-40 db in the class room, 35-40 db in the library, 20-35 db in hospital, 40-60 db in a restaurant and 45 db in the city at night. When the sound exceeds this limit, there is noise pollution. Noise pollution beyond the limit destroys hearing and might even lead to the losing of ones mental balance. Noise pollution also causes peevish temperament, affects lungs, hampers the intellect of the children and makes them apathetic towards their studies. 2. 3 Industries wise pollution: 23. Textile Industry pollution: The textile industry in Bangladesh through their waste in to free area. They through their waste in to river and pond. So the water of the river is polluted. The river contains many kind of fish and other kind of animals. If the animals are go to the polluted water they will die or they have the chemical re-action in their body. And then the people eat that fish or the animals that are also suffer with chemical re-action. The textile industry also relies carbon die oxide gas which is cause for green house effect, and the global warming. It also cause for many human health problem. Some people also suffer skin robber. Textile industry makes very noise. Many people cant suffer the noise so some time they sense less. Because the textile industry makes very much noise so we should make textile industry in nonresidential area. 2. 32 Chemical industry pollution: We all know about the chemical re-action of the chemical. Many people die every year because of the poison of the drinking water. The chemical industry is also destroying our crops land, river and kills other animals. Many Bangladesh industries dont use waste management. They through their chemical in to the river or open area. The chemical industry polluted our eater and air. Causes of chemical pollution the people suffer skin problem and other harmful Degases. 2. 3. 3 Pharmaceutical Industry pollution: The pharmaceutical industry use different types of chemical and plastic pack to keep the medicine safe. But after using the medicine there are no recycle of the plastic pack, so it make pollution. In other hand some of the company dont follow the Waste management program. They through their waste in to the sea and river. So the water is polluted by the pharmaceutical industry. 2. 3. 4 Cigarette Industry: the cigarette industry is polluted the environment very much. They produce cigarette and birr which is polluted our environment air. The people also suffer the bad effect of the smoking. The tobacco plants destroy the fertility of the land so the crop land became dry. If there are any land who grows tobacco they cant grow any other crop. The processing of cigarette is also harmful for the environment. It pollutes air. 2. 3. 5 Builders Industry: The Bangladesh builders industry doesnt follow the building core. They make building of their own wish, so it is very difficult to the maintain the pollution. Because they sometime build building on the pond or near the river so in any season the water cant pass to the river and it polluted our roads and houses. 2. 3. 6 Tannery Industry: The tannery industry use deadly chemical to prepare lather. Most of the tannery industry situated in highly populated area so when they through their waste in the water the water will be polluted. The bad effect of the pollution effect the human health it may cause the cancer of skin. Many labor suffer cancer because of the chemical re-action by the chemical. . 3. 7 Food industry: One of the largest industries in Bangladesh is food industry because of the huge rate of the population. The industry is very big. Every day the industry produce many type of the food to fulfill the needs of the food. They use chemical fertilizer to grow mare food because of large needs. The food industry pollute our soil and water. They use high rate of chemical fertilizer so the water of river has been polluted and the water insect and the insect that help the crops die because of chemical fertilizer. Some food industry through there waste of food in to open area and water so the water is polluting. 3. 8 Fertilizer Industry: There are many fertilizer industries in Bangladesh. They produce fertilizer for our farmer to grow more crops. But the process of the fertilizer is not environmental free. To produce fertilizer they need methane gas. So the air pollution is happening. They need water to cool their machine. So the water is polluting. To make chemical fertilizer they need 2. 4 An overview of tannery industry pollution: 2. 41 Present situation of tannery industries pollution: Now days the tannery industry is playing the most important part for our economy. The products of Our tannery are maintaining world class quality. So the buyers of the tannery product are more. There is a good will of Bangladesh tannery industry in the world. The tanneries are a major money- maker for Bangladesh. From June 2011 to July 201 2, Bangladesh tanneries exported close to $663 million in leather and leather goods?like shoes and handbags?to some 70 countries worldwide, including Italy, Germany, Spain, China, and the united States. Tannery worker have been suffering from severe skin diseases, allergy and chest pain. Most of the cases, medicines do not work on them anymore. They process animal hides with toxic chemicals. Before tanning they work with chemical-mixed water, liming and De-liming, scrapping off meat and fat. They do it with bare hands chromium, sulfur, manganese, copper compound, lead and others are used to tan which are very toxic for their health. Chemical mixtures, acids and dyes used in the tanneries are very toxic for human health. From different sources about 20,000 tannery workers are forced to work for tanning in this hazardous situation though they are paid a little. About 90 percent tanneries of the country located at Hazarding of the Dacha city. Covered by high walls which have not proper ventilation system, the air inside the factories is with fumes, heat. Very bad scent is available inside the factories. Few large factories are providing some facilities while smaller s are in very bad and poisonous situation. Very bad smells are also got from nearby the Hazarding like Arbitrary, Agitator and parts of Diamond. Nobody wants to go to Hazarding due bad effect of tanneries. Even the tanneries owner doesnt live in those areas. Reused chemicals from the larger factories are being used by the small factories which are more dangerous and vulnerable for the workers as well as for the environment. About 40 heavy metals and acids are used for processing raw hides. Among them the most dangerous chemical substances re , manganese, chromium, sulfur, lead, and copper Wet blue leathers are made using these chemicals Most of the workers are directly use these chemicals each and every day because of being done the process manually. They dont like to use hand gloves or any other safety items. About 30 export oriented factories use these safety equipments for their workers and others dont pay attention. It is very important to use masks, safety goggles, special suits, gloves and special shoes to save themselves from the hazardous effect of toxic chemicals. Most of the time the workers work with bear feet when thy lean dirt, bloods and chemicals which causes various diseases. Jaundice, nausea and headache are another common sickness among them. These toxic chemicals cause boils, inflammation in hands and legs, skin diseases allergy, and other infection. If it continues around more than 15 years these can even cause cancer. During working these chemicals evaporate to the air which damages lungs and causes respiratory illness such as asthma and bronchitis through inhalation of the people of Hazarding area. This toxic substances damages eyes and the entire nerve system . Finishing leather is processed after tanning.. These toxic chemicals cause boils, inflammation in hands and legs, skin diseases allergy, and other infection. If it continues around more than 15 years these can even cause cancer. During working these chemicals evaporate to the air which damages lungs and causes respiratory illness such as asthma and bronchitis through inhalation of the people of Hazarding area. This toxic substances damages eyes and the entire nerve system . Finishing leather is processed after tanning.. For probably the first time, Bangladesh government has leveled pollution- related fines against two leather tanneries in Hazarding, a Dacha spinsterhood so polluted with waste from its roughly 150 tanneries that residents and workers are plagued by serious health problems. This announcement came four months after Human Rights Watch released a report revealing the extent of workers and residents broken-down health, ranging from painful skin diseases to respiratory illnesses. Shortly before our report launch, a senior official in Bangladesh Environment Department told Human Rights Watch, There is no monitoring and no enforcement in Hazarding. The two tanneries were fined for not having effluent treatment plants, which would treat their chemical-laced wastewater. Each day, the areas tanneries discharge some 21 ,OHO cubic meters of untreated waste containing chromium, lead, and other chemicals and heavy metals into the nearby Brigands River. The air reeks of chemicals, which have harmed the areas water and soil and the health of people living nearby. Hazarding is home to between 90 and 95 percent Of all Bangladesh tanneries, and they employ between 8,000 and 12,000 people. Living beside the tanneries is difficult, all the dirty water comes here, the fumes are very bad, said Agenda, who is in her late teens and has lived in Hazarding for just over a year. L have problems with my eyes. They water a lot and become red. The tannery gas causes this. As follow-up to the Toxic Tanneries report, Human Rights Watch has pressed the international leather industry to identify and mitigate the human rights risks from the tanneries in Hazarding. Two weeks ago, Human Rights Watch called on buyers at a flagship international leather fair in Bologna to buy leather goods only from Bangladesh tanneries that respect environmental standards and comply with laws that protect the right to health and labor rights. 3. 1 Reason behind the pollution: 3. 1. 1 Corruption: Bangladesh is a corrupted country everything is possible in Bangladesh. The tannery industry is polluting the environment much. The pollution of tannery is harmful for all the human and animal. But it is a matter of sorrow that the government environment sector is silent. Because they deal with the company owner. And the government employee pays by the owner. So the environment pollution cant be stopped. 3. 1. 2 Dont obey the industry rules: Most of the tannery doesnt show respect to the constitution rules. In Bangladesh there are no lacks of rules but in matter of worry that the industry doesnt want to follow the rules, because of the over greedy of the of the industry owner. . 1. 3 Lack of nations lover: the greedy owner and the greedy government people Politician are not love their nation. So just thought to maximize their wealth. 3. 1. 4 Lack Of monitoring: The monitoring unit are not strong to control the pollution. 3. 2 effect of the pollution: Waste contains pollutants which are discarded materials, process materials or chemicals. Pollution could be caused by all sectors of a society generate waste: industry, agriculture, mining, energy, and these pollutants when they re released beyond the assimilation capacity of the environment. Industrial wastes are generated from different processes and the amount and toxicity of waste released varies with its own specific industrial processes. Tannery effluents are ranked as the highest pollutants among all industrial wastes. They are especially large contributors of chromium pollution . Chromium is highly toxic and carcinogenic to human beings, animals, plants and the general environment (soil and water sediment). Chrome is the primary threat when ever tanning industry comes in to practice. Though any treatment options were evaluated to prevent its consequence on the environment, neither of them could achieve to treat or recover chrome 100 %. Treatment options are either; inefficient, complicated, energy demanding, costly or applicable to a certain parts of the world due to technology or skilled man power demand. The river near by the tanneries can be said highly polluted rivers since they are serving as recipient of effluent from the factories. The effect of this scenario is expressed by different indicators. The Kaki -Kali and the tributaries of Awash River are best examples of polluted water body. The residents around the river and or the tannery reported the death of their cattle, dried up of green plants, water born diseases and bad smell resulted due to the death of micro organisms that in turn caused by depletion of dissolved oxygen. Even though the incidences are merely the result of discharges from tanneries but it is impossible to deny the fact that the discharge from tanneries has its own contribution.

The Gifts of a Car Accident

The Gifts of a Car Accident Ignoring Messages A couple of weeks ago, three friends asked me for life coaching one after the other. It was an unusual string of requests, coming years after I completed my life coach training; and it made me think that maybe I should consider taking on a couple of life coaching clients to insert variety and heart-centered work into my business. I coached the friends who asked; the coaching gave them clarity and inspiration. I was left energized and clear that I was making a contribution not only to them, but to the many people that they touch. I was in my element. Yet I didn’t take any further action. Wake-Up Call If you read my newsletter last week, you know that I was in a car accident on April 28. I was traveling home from a weekend about Purposeful Living and Spiritual Development – part of a year-long training where I get to immerse myself in the world of coaching and transformation. Driving on I90 from Chicago to Madison, I must have missed a signal that my lane was going to end. To avoid hitting a car to my right, I braked (hard I imagine), spun around and crashed into the dividing wall of the highway at a speed unknown to me. I did not hit any other cars. It was all very movie-like, with the EMTs coming and taking me out of the car onto a stretcher. Fortunately, the only casualties were a couple of my ribs (broken through) and a totaled car. I was able to go home that night from the hospital. It is clear to me that things could have been much much worse. Ever since, I have been reflecting deeply on the gifts of the â€Å"accident.† First, noticing how blessed I am to have emerged with relatively minor injuries. Second, acknowledging the difference I make for others. And third, tapping into the gift of ribs: creation/creativity (Adam’s rib) and expansion (breath). My broken ribs, the casualties of a moment of inattention, indicate to me that I have not been truly listening to some messages calling me to expand in new and creative ways. New Action, New Creation Remember all those messages coming to me about doing life coaching? It’s time to pay attention. I am a highly trained coach. I have gone through 5 weekends of training with the Coaches Training Institute and assisted at all of those weekends as well. I’ve participated in courses with Landmark Education for 7 years, including The Landmark Forum, The Advanced Course, The Self-Expression and Leadership Program, the Introduction Leaders Program, and multiple seminar series. I have started a business and participated in business coaching for the past two years, and I write resumes for top level executives. I have spent my last 7 years preparing for this moment when I step up to the plate to do life coaching for real. The accident made that very clear, and I am grateful. I was also inspired to write some short couplets to a song/rap structure provided during my Purposeful Living weekend. I’ve copied them here and hope they inspire you to live into your creativity too! Note: â€Å"CHOOSE it† means choose between living powerfully and being a victim. â€Å"SHARE it† means share with as many people as possible! When a universal call Sends you crashing through a wall, †¦then you gotta CHOOSE it†¦ †¦then you gotta CHOOSE it†¦ When youre feeling pain and fright That keep you up at night, †¦then you gotta CHOOSE it†¦ †¦then you gotta CHOOSE it†¦ When youre at a loss for words, Take a listen to the birds. †¦then you gotta SHARE it†¦ †¦then you gotta SHARE it†¦ When the morning comes about, Just breathe in and then breathe out. †¦then you gotta SHARE it†¦ †¦then you gotta SHARE it†¦ You dont know what you dont know. So create, expand and grow! †¦then you gotta SHARE it†¦ †¦then you gotta SHARE it†¦ What couplets might you write to this song? What signals in your life have you been noticing and then ignoring? Are there actions for you to take? Please share in the comments. And of course if you’re seeking a life coach, please contact me. Short-term or long-term clients are welcome. I’m ready.

GEOGRAPHY - Comparison of Two Latin American Nations -CHILE and Essay

GEOGRAPHY - Comparison of Two Latin American Nations -CHILE and ARGENTINA - Essay Example If we compare these factors, it can be noted that the population below poverty line is high in Argentina (38.5%) than in Chile (18.2%). In terms of inflation rates also Argentina has a higher inflation rate than Chile and hence it can be noted that the cost of living is high in Argentina than in Chile. When we compare these factors such as population under poverty line and inflation rate, it can be said that Chile is a better developed nation than Argentina. Though Argentina in more industrialized than Chile, unemployment rate is high in Argentina. Argentina and Chile have good infrastructure including railroads, highways, airports and telecommunications facilities. Comparatively, Argentina has better infrastructure than Chile. The idea of a standard may be contrasted with the quality of life, which takes into account not only the material standard of living, but also other more subjective factors that contribute to human life, such as leisure, safety, cultural resources, social life, mental health, environmental quality issues etc. When we compare these factors, Chile is comparatively safer and peaceful than Argentina. The potential for terrorist activity is low in Chile where as in Argentina individuals and organizations with ties to extremist groups, including some known to provide financial support to designated foreign terrorist organizations, operate in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, in the tri-border area between Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. It was also noted that Argentina has seen in recent years, a number of small bomb/incendiary incidents in metropolitan Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata, Santa Fe, and other cities. The bulk of the targets have been bank branches (ATMs), fast food restaurants, and Arge ntine government-affiliated offices.   These incidents usually occurred in the middle of the night and appeared intended to cause only property

Sex Education System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sex Education System - Essay Example Education has always remained the main concern for all the nations of world. States use to organize high level group of professionals to formulate the education policy for the betterment of their future generations, but have not taken enough steps for the sex education system. The introduction of sex education system in schools and colleges are an important subject. Sex and the sex education is still measured as unmentionable even in many developed nations. Parents feel discomfited to converse openly with their kids in this issue. This ignorance they become the victim of different sexually transmitted diseases.The sex education program system was first initiated by American government to the public schools in 1913. Since then, the topic has been a burning debate among many people. The main theme of the sex education in the school level was to beware the children from the sexual abuses and diseases.In this debatable subject, one section of the society believes that these kinds of insu bstantial issues should be left to the parents. While parents feel uncomfortable to talk openly on sex with their children. On the contrary side, the upsetting raise of sex related diseases emphasize that it is vital that sex education should be given more significance in the all educational institutions especially in the schools and colleges. Many believe that sex education only obliterates the morality of people because they consider that sex education educates students only about how sexual intercourse should be done.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Out of various strategies that businesses use for ensuring business success, change itself is a strategy that the business needs to take careful attention in implementing of it, managing it and managing its resistance as well. First part of this piece of research paper presents a brief discussion on organizational success and analyzes how Cadbury’s organizational structure will have to change especially in relation to Mintzberg’s theory of organizational structure. Second part of the paper discusses strategic change and how effectively it can be implemented and managed in Cadbury. Organizing for Success Organizational strategy and organizational structure are closely interrelated. Organizational strategy refers to a special way that the organization positions itself in relation to its stakeholders, given the organization’s resources, capabilities and mission etc (Stonehouse, Campbell, 2004, p. 354). Strategic choices of a firm influences the structure and design of the organization as well. As argued by Alfred Chandler, the structure follows the strategy mainly because the decision maker in a firm develops managerial and growth strategies that become the basis for designing the structure of the organization (Stonehouse, Campbell, 2004, p. 354). ... The strategy being implemented influences the structure and design of the firm. For instance, if a firm implements customer focus strategy or customer relationship strategy, it will have to focus on delivering greater values to customers by concentrating on value propositions and the whole organization attempts to gain attractions from the customers. Strategy thus affects organization’s structure. Though there are various approaches to organizational structure, Mintzberg’s theory of organizational structure seems to have gained considerable attention in recent years as many researchers have widely studied its significance in organizational behaviour. According to his theory, there are two basic approaches to the formation of organizational structure, they are contingency approach and configuration approach (Stonehouse, Campbell, 2004, p. 364). Contingency approach has been described as a structure that the organization depends largely on various factors like the nature of its business, nature of its strategy, its size, geographical span of its activities, its age and history etc. according to Mintzberg’s view, it is better for an organization to base its structure on configuration approach rather than basing on contingency approach because factors like span of control, need for formalization, centralization or decentralization etc are to be logically configured in to internal consistent groups (Stonehouse and Campbell, 2004, p. 364). Contingency approach and configuration approach are considered to be the main determinants of organizational structure according to Mintzberg’s theory. According to Mintzberg’s organizational structure theory, an existing organization will be fit in

Sustainable Development And Its Definitions

Sustainable Development And Its Definitions Sustainable development was defined by (Brundtland, 1987) as a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need. Economists generally accepted and supported Brundtland definition of sustainable development. Pearce barbier (blueprint for Sustainable Economy, 2000) also defines sustainable development as development that last. They also said that future generations should be entitled to at least the same level of economic well-being as is currently available to the present generation. It can also be defined as meeting human fundamental needs while preserving the life-support systems of the planet Earth. This is a scientific perspective on the sustainable development relation between nature and society. The main pillars of sustainable development are: Economic development Social development and Environmental development The United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers the above pillars as the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development. There has been an indigenous controversy over the main pillars of sustainable development through various International Forums such as United Nation Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Conversion of Biological Diversity that there are four pillars of sustainable development which they called the fourth one , Cultural development. Also, The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further detailed the concept by saying that the cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. This basically becomes one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. The universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity stated that Cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development. This image represents the schemes of sustainable development. Source (Wikipedia encyclopedia on Sustainable Development). Barriers to achieving sustainable development in developing countries. Sustainable development has been widely promoted as a holisticconcept which aims or targets to integrate social, economicand cultural policies to ensure high-quality growth. However, there are barriers combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing countries. These barriers are: Economic / financial barriers Social barriers Political barriers HIV and Injecting Drug use Poor monitoring and evaluation system Institutional barriers Cultural barriers Trade barriers Poverty and disease Climate change Economic and financial barriers: Economists observed that the dominating development model tends to focus on economic growth as precedence rather than peoples rights or welfare, and environmental processes and limits. Various contributors supported economic growth coming first in developing countries, especially least-developed countries (LDCs), and concluded that investment in environmental protection should be left to a later stage of development, essentially accepting environmental degradation to meet immediate needs. In other words, there was a controversy by other researchers saying that the future generations ability to enjoy an acceptable standard of living would be on shambles if due attention were not immediately paid to social and environmental aspects as well as economic. This they said requires shift in the worldview from treating the environment as part of the economy to treating the economy as part of the environment; strategically this means the economy should be adapted to ensure environmental services are maintained. Some contributors recommended developed capitalist societies to act quickly to become more sustainable. Other researchers underscored the imperative for developing countries not to follow the western models of unsustainable development. Three basic constraints to financing sustainable development (SD) are: Competing priorities for limited resources, particularly in LDCs Undelivered pledges made at the international conferences to finance SD. Externalities, such as increased oil prices, conflict, and natural disasters that alter the development priorities of many countries. Initiatives to overcome economic and financial barriers In other to achieve economic growth without threatening social development and environmental resources, new and different vehicles for growth must be oriented to different country situations. Governments should be responsible for market-led problems with incentive for the private sector to become problem-solvers, and not polluters. There is need to shift the incentive and motivating structure for farmers around the world. Policies makers should promote agricultural production that is based on significantly higher labor inputs per area and significantly more diverse production streams. There is need to reform the calculation of economic growth and removal of weapons-related cost from GDP would provide a strong indication of relative spending toward sustainable development to politicians. Justifying the need to abandon linear system of industrial production based on total exploitation of natural resources, over production, and waste generation in favor of a circular system of production using clean technologies and the elimination of waste resources. Social barriers Population growth, paired with unsustainable consumption and production patterns among the wealthy, are the biggest social challenges to achieving sustainable development in the world and developing countries. Absent of a significant change in human behavior, sustainability will not be potential. There are other social barriers which are: The marginalization of the poor and entrenched inequities Limited awareness about sustainable development Environmental issues among both politicians and the wider public fragmented civil society Inadequate interaction between civil society and government Insufficient incentives to for the private sector to pursue sustainable development Initiatives to overcome the social barriers. Need for stronger policies to address income disparity and population growth. The introduction of programmes to create awareness and build capacity in the field of sustainable development among the general public can assist to the change in behavior and lifestyle that is needed to achieve sustainability. Efforts to increase scientific capacity will take place within a context of different funding patterns (which involves philanthropic foundations, business, and governmental and intergovernmental bodies), environmental concerns, and research orientations. Governments must foster their relationships with NGOs and other civil society organizations. Also , civil society must take on a great role in policy making and implementation. Participation of civil society in social programmes and related decision making process would ensure accountability; this will help in creating condition for receiving financial aid or UN assistance. Concrete partnership among national and local governments, the grassroots, private sector, civil society and development actors should be developed. Political barriers: Inadequate economic, social and environmental methods for policies, plans and projects are the major barrier combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing world. Researchers believed that governments are stuck in the old development paradigm ,emphasizing economic growth and believing that industrial countries have made no significant effort to change their patterns in production and consumption, thereby threatening global resources. To meet sustainable development objectives requires genuine political and institutional will at all levels of government in all countries, developed and developing. Nevertheless, Corruption, ineffective government and weak inactive law enforcement are hindrances to achieving genuine sustainability. Moreover, lack of information and relevant data availability, limited capacity of policy and decision-makers were identified as reasons for the limited cooperation of governments. The outcome of the discussion by the World Summit on Sustainable Development that was held in South Africa in 2002 was that sustainable development has not been able to evolve out of its environmental roots and that greater focus on climate change may be pulling the issue towards a purer environmental direction rather than integrating sustainable development perspective. They also warned that SD is being replaced by climate change on the political agenda, leaving the rest of the sustainable development agenda forgotten. Lack of coordination to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development has been a major challenge at all levels. At the global level, the United Nations failed to join together its efforts to promote a genuinely sustainable development. Campaigns for integrating many factors are themselves not harmonized, but try to meet different purposes at different times. It was noted that the sectionalized approach to the MDGs has dissolved the broader context of development, and MDG 7 on sustainable development has been largely neglected in favor of other goals rather than being a basis for achieving the rest of the MDGs. More consistent policies to support SD are needed at the international level, including within the United Nations system. At the regional level, regional agreements on SD and mechanisms for their implementation are not stable. There was an agreement that, at national level, a multi-disciplinary approach to governance is needed rather than the persisting tendency for different line ministries, departments and agencies to act without a clear framework for coordination across sectors. Sectorial systems of governance create and perpetuate silo thinking and behavior. It was observed that there is basically no effective national forum for strategic planning on pro-poor economic growth, social development, environment and climate change for developing countries. For instance, inCentral Asia, it was noted that few countries have policies linking environment, poverty, trade and social development, that few environmental policies target equity or poverty issues, and health policies are still mainly formulated in isolation without blending to related sectors. Also at the institutional level, responsibility for the implementation of sustainable development is generally assigned to the Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Agency or the tantamount, which traditionally receive little attention and a insufficient budget. Environmental agency would find it difficult to take a balanced approach to economic growth, social development and environmental protection. Poor community involvement was noted as a final major political barrier to achieving sustainable development goals. A top-down approach by centralized authorities often imposes projects and programmes on local governments. Moreover, policy making and implementation does not take into consideration the grassroots need or involve the lower levels of government. Initiatives to overcome political barrier In combating political barrier, sustainable development strategies must be streamlined, but also applied with more severity. The need for environmental institutions to blend and work with other (non-environmental) institutions. Also all ministries must cooperate and work together to achieve an integrated sustainable development for their countries. Stringent efforts should be directed to encroach structural problems that deform both developmental and environmental prospects by focusing on key injustices, notably in trade, environment and climate change. There should be an analytical work on advanced financing for SD. Poverty and environment linkages must be undertaken to further incorporate economic, social and environmental factors. Basic components like sensitization of political leaders, private sector involvement, and participation of local communities need to be concrete in developmental approach. Capacity-building is also necessary across the board. Progress in sustainable developmental goals involves strong, innovation-driven science and technology policies. HIV and Injecting Drug Use Poverty and disease in relation to HIV and Drug Use frustrates the implementation of sustainable development in many developing countries. In many developing countries, HIV epidemics between injecting drug users (IDUs) are preceding larger epidemics in the broader population. Notwithstanding recent expansion of responses, within individual countries, these tend to be several years behind the pace and scale of the actual epidemic. These are factors closely linked to development. The current policy environment makes it difficult for community-based programmes to prevent HIV between injecting drug users. Deficiency in policy dialogue between sectors of government responsibility for reactions to HIV and drug use There is an economic, social and political breakdown which leads to increase in drug injecting, needle sharing and, consequently HIV. Inadequate community capacity, in terms of skills, resources and experience to respond to HIV among IDUs. Injecting drug users, especially women, being demonized for their drug use, rather than supported, placing them at particular risk of both human rights abuses and HIV infection Donor agencies and countries alike failing to recognize the long-term threat to development posed by HIV and injecting drug use. Initiatives to overcome HIV and Injecting Drug Use UNDP and partner agencies, especially UNAIDS and UNDCP, are in a unique and appropriate position to take the lead in the planning and implementation of responses in the following areas: Policy dialogue and reform Programme development and monitoring Creating awareness and understanding of the development implications of HIV and IDU Powering community capacity to respond Addressing gender considerations Responding to legal , ethical and human right issues Also there is need to implement the MDGs in all developing countries especially on reducing poverty and ensuring good health. Poor monitoring and evaluation systems A basic problem is lack of specific targets (globally, nationally and at local level), measurement and data to track progress, resulting in a lack of information available to decision-makers. It is suggested for strengthening monitoring and evaluation of sustainable development strategies in order to establish a dynamic improvement process, with an objective of increasing their effectiveness. It is recommended that governments should turn up deeper and assess the socio-economicimpacts of developmental projects, rather thanthe outcomealone. Initiatives to overcome poor monitoring and evaluation systems Co-ordination of data within which the vast amount of data can be easily accessed. Countries specific knowledge bases are needed to guide decision making. This is a comprehensive mechanism for monitoring the outcomes of interventions that feeds into subsequent planning processes. National research and development systems need to be strengthened, as well as south-south and south-north knowledge sharing and management. Institutional barriers Institutional barriers as a result of lack of institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system has been combating and frustrating sustainable development in many developing countries. Since the end of the civil war, developing countries have made a striking movement towards democratic capitalism as the operative model of governance. Moreover in making that transition, many countries discovered that they lack institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system. They discovered that they have never witness free and fair elections with a full ballot of candidates from multiple parties. In other hand, they were not prepared to run a parliament, also not prepared to have journalists and broadcasters looking at the problems of government in a very public way. Initiatives to overcome institutional barrier Generating enough scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to the multiple stresses arising from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental system. USAID and other governmental donors have facilitated institutional building to help these countries to help these countries fix all the mechanism operating in an open democratic society. Sponsoring democratic programs, introducing new approaches to crisis management and conflicts analysis to assist opposing parties in resolving their peacefully and within the framework that a democratic system provides. Trade barriers Basically developing countries find the EUs strict food safety requirements disruptive to trade. In addition to sanitary standards, new technical product specifications and industrial norms might obstruct the exports of developing countries .The EU introduced a series of directives varying from technical specifications for cars, weighing machines and toys, to the compulsory labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), eggs and voluntary eco-labels. In addition to Community standards, there are regulations at the member-state level. However the level to which this continual flow of new standards helps to restrict imports from developing countries is not properly known. It is clear, however, that WTO notification leads to protests by developing countries .Some of the developing countries expressed their concern, regarding new EU directives on discarded electronic apparatuses proposed by the Commission in 2000 Initiatives to overcome trade barriers Trade liberalization including the removal of existing distortion in international trade must be pursued to support sustainable development policies in developing countries. Sustainable development requires a dynamic international economy and an open, equitable, secure, non-discriminatory and predictable multilateral trading system to support sound domestic economic and environmental policies in both developed and developing countries. Trade and environment should be reciprocally supportive in the pursuit of sustainable development. Conclusion In achieving sustainable development, the 3pillars of SD should be integrated. Progress in sustainability will require fostering problem -driven , interdisciplinary research; building capacity for research; creating coherent system of research planning , operational monitoring , assessment , and application; and providing reliable long term financial support. The need to generate adequate scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to multiple stresses that arise from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental systems. REFERENCES Achieving Sustainable Development, an e-journal of the U.S Department of State.April 2002, volume 1, Num 1. Barbier, E.,1987.The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development.Environmental Conservation, 14(2):101-110 Promoting trade for sustainable development by UNCTAD Secretariat (www.unctad.org/en/docs/tdxibp10_en.pdf) Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E. Barbier,1989.Blueprint for a green economy,Earthscan, London, Great Britain UNDP, 2006. Making Progress on environmental sustainability. Lessons and recommendations from a review of over 150 MDG country experiences (www.undp.org/fssd/report) Summary of e -discussion on achieving sustainable development, April 2008. (http://www.undg.org/docs/8885/eDiscussion-on-Achieving-Sustainable-Development.htm) Sustainability science , science 292.5517 (April 27 ,2001):p 641. Working together towards SD (http://www.oecdwash.org/DATA/DOCS/working_together.pdf) World Summit Outcome Document 2005,World Health Organization, 15 September 2005